Resource management is often misunderstood. In my opinion, Jeppesen has broken down SRM better than anyone else I've seen. Remember, SRM (single-pilot resource management) is using any and all assets available to the single pilot. CRM (crew resource management) is taking the skills of SRM and exploiting them with the power of two (or more) minds. SRM can be classified into six skills; ADM, RM, TM, SA, CFIT Awareness, AM. You can use "CARATS" as a memory aid.
CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CRM)
- All skill sets from SRM apply
- Proven CRM techniques and procedures
- VVM
- Verbalize, verify, monitor
- TEM
- Threat and Error Management
- Threats are beyond our control
- Errors are self-induced
- Skills
- Planning and decision making
- Leadership effectiveness
- Situational awareness
- Communication
- Monitor/Crosscheck
- Workload management
- Automation management
- Crew Debrief
- What went well? Why?
- What could have gone better? Why?
- What will we do next time?
- Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
- Decision making process (2 or 3 models)
- DECIDE model
- Detect the problem
- Estimate the need to react
- Choose a course of action
- Identify solutions
- Do the necessary actions
- Evaluate the effect of the actions
- 3Ps
- Perceive / Process / Perform
- ARA (anticipate, recognize, act) – a decision making cycle
- Pilot-in-command responsibility (person ultimately responsible for operation and safety)
- Hazardous attitudes
- Stress management
- Other resources:
- How to improve your aviation decisions. (Air Facts).
- Risk Management (RM): four models (also see Human Factors and Safety.
- How to minimize risk during takeoff. (Flying Mag).
- Top ten tips for managing risk.
- The Danger Zone - Tips to reduce risk in all phases of flight.
- The Severe Storm. (Av Web).
- PAVE (checklist)
- Pilot
- "I’M SAFE"
- Illness
- Medication
- Stress
- Alcohol (FAR states 8 hours; FAA recommends 24 hours)
- Fatigue (and Food)
- Emotion
- Personal minimums
- Aircraft: 3 hours in make/model w/in last 3 months
- Currency: BFR < 12 MO, 3 landings w/in 90 days, 1 in 30 days
- WX: VFR, 2000-5, 1000-3, 500-2 (likely to change with currency)
- Fuel: 60-minute reserve? Legal reserve?
- Personal Mins Contracts: VFR or IFR
- Aircraft
- Environment
- External pressures
- AF PAVE (alternate acronym): ATC, Fuel, Pilot, Aircraft, Environment, Eternal Pressures
- 5Ps
- Plan
- Plane
- Pilot (same as above)
- Passengers
- Programming
- AMATI (what to do with risks)
- Avoid / Mitigate / Accept / Transfer / Ignore (never chose)
- Task management (TM)
- Planning and prioritization
- Timing of completion of tasks
- Resource use
- Internal
- Checklists, Flow patterns
- External
- Situational Awareness (SA):
- Regular evaluation of the 5Ps
- Use of standard operating procedures (SOPs)
- Workload management
- Managing distractions
- Avoiding fixation
- Communications
- Sterile cockpit
- Crew coordination
- Radio procedures
- Articles:
- Situational Awareness (Machado).
- Automation Management (AM):
- Skillful operation of autopilot and FMS under normal conditions
- Recognition of operating modes and mode changes
- Anticipation of next operating mode
- Recognition and correction of unanticipated mode changes
- Automation Levels. Reduction of automation use, including “hand-flying.”
- After an unexpected mode change
- After a change in flight plan or clearance
- Maintaining “hand-flying” skills
- CFIT (controlled flight into terrain) Awareness
- Flight planning using current charts
- Analysis of terrain and obstacle hazards along intended route
- Understanding and interpreting terrain displays
- Planning of departures to avoid terrain
- Adjusting route to avoid terrain
- Consideration of terrain during diversions
- Aircraft performance limitations and CFIT risk
- Most likely to happen...
- in extreme weather conditions
- with inattention to detail
- when descending below published minimums on an approach
- with a change in terrain height & aircraft does not climb to appropriate safe altitude
- when you are distracted (system failure, trying to determine cause of any abnormality)
- Other info:
- CFIT and plan continuation bias. (FAA blog).
- CFIT and normalization of deviation bias. (FAA).
- CFIT and overreliance on automation. (FAA)
- Look Up, Look Out: See & avoid CFIT strategies for VFR pilots.
- Strategies to avoid Controlled Flight into Terrain. (57 seconds).
- Tips for terrain avoidance.
- Trust, but verify: Take AIM to avoid terrain.
- FIG -
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